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REFERENCES

Catabolism and Nutrition

Post-Burn Catabolism

Wolfe R, Relation of metabolic studies to clinical nutrition: the example of burn injury. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 64:800-808.

Wolfe R. An integrated analysis of glucose, fat and protein metabolism in severely traumatized patients. Ann Surg 1989; 209:63-72.

Streat S, et al. Aggressive nutritional support does not prevent protein loss despite fat gain in septic intensive care patients. J Trauma 1987; 27:262-266.

Bessey. Post traumatic skeletal muscle proteolysis: the role of the hormonal environment. World J Surg 1989; 13: 465-470.

Body Composition Changes

Lukaski H. Methods for the assessment of human body composition. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 46:537-541.

Roubenoff R, Kehajias J. The meaning and measurement of lean body mass. Nut Rev 1991; 49:163-175.

Windsor J., et al. Weight loss with physiologic impairment: a basic indication of surgical risk. Ann Surg 1988;2 207:290-296.

Kotler D, et al. Magnitude of cell body mass depletion and timing of death from wasting in AIDS. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 50:444-447.

Nutrition

Hildreth M, Gottschick M. Nutritional support of the burned patient., in Total Burn Care, ed. D. Herndon, Saunders, Phil. 1996.

Alexander J, MacMillan B, et al. Beneficial effects of aggressive protein feeding in severely burned children. Ann Surg 1989: 192:505-517.

DeBiasse M, Wilmore D. What is optimum nutritional support: in New Horizon, vol. I: Williams Wilkins 1999, p: 122-135.

Demling R, DeSanti L. Increased protein intake during the recovery phase after severe burns increases body weight gain and muscle function. J Burn Care Rehab 1998; 17:151-168.

DeSouza D, Greene L. Pharmacological nutrition after burn injury. J Nutr 1998; 128:797-803.

Roberta P, Zalaga S. Dietary bioactive peptides: in New Horizons 1994. Soc Crit Care Med, pg 237.

Non-Anabolic Appetite Stimulants

von Roenn J, Armstrong D, Kobler D. Megasterol acetate in patients with cachexia. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121:393-7.

Beal J, Olson R,, Laubentein. Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1995; 10:89-97.

 

Micronutrients

Gottlich M. Vitamin supplementation in patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehab 1990; 11:275-280.

Demling R. Micronutrients in critical illness. Crit Care Med 1995; 11:651-670.

Berger M. Influence of large intakes of trace elements on recovery after major burns. Nutrition 1999; 10: 327-334.

Anticatabolic Agents

Glutamine

Gottlich M, Narden G. Incidence and effect of gentamine depletion in burn patients. JPEN 1994; 17:235-237.

Lacey J. Is glutamine a conditionally essential amino acid? Nutr Rev 1990; 48:297-308.

New R. Glutamine nutrition and metabolism. FASEB 1996; 10:829-837.

Ziegler T, Wilmore D. Safety and metabolic effects of L-glutamine administration in humans. JPEN 1990; 14:132-146.

Arginine

Saito N, Alexander W. Metabolic and immune effects of dietary arginine supplementation after burn. Arch Surg 1987; 122:784-9.

Barbol A. Arginine enhances wound healing and lymphocyte immune response in humans. Surgery 1990; 108:331-336.

 Oxidants and Antioxidants

Woolcraft J. Metabolic alternations in burn patients - deletion of lipid peroxides. Burns 1990; 16:92-96.

Demling R. Use of antioxidant therapy in shock and trauma. Shock 1991; 35 245-255.

Matsuda T., et al. High dose vitamin C therapy for extensive deep dermal burns. Burns 18; 1992:127-131.

Nguyen T. Free radical activity and loss of plasma antioxidones in patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehab 1994; 14:602-609.

Cytokines and Anticytokines

DeBandt J. Cytokine response to burn injury: relationship with protein metabolism. J Trauma 1994; 36:624-628.

Drost A, Pruitt B. Plasma cytokines following thermal injury and their relationship with patient mortality, burn size and time post burn. J Trauma 1993; 35:335-339.

Cone J, Caldwell F. Manipulation of the inflammatory response to burn injury. J Trauma 1997; 43:41-49.

Costelli P, Lavera M. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist is unable to reverse cachexia in rats with hepatoma. Cancer Lott 1995; 95:33-38.

Breull D, Farge M, et al. Pentoxyfylline decreases the body weight loss and muscle protein wasting characteristics of sepsis. Am J Physiol 1993; 268:660-666.

Reyes-Teran G, Sierra-Madero J. Effects of thalidamide on HIV associated wasting syndrome: a randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial. AIDS 1996; 10:1501-1507.
Psychological Stress-Catabolism

Berczi I. The influence of pituitary-adrenal axis on the immune system. In Pituitary Function and Immunity. I. Berczi, Ed. 1986; 49-132. CRC Press. Boac Raton, FL

Audhya TR, Jain & CS Hollander. Receptor-mediated immunomodulation by corticotropin-releasing factor. Cell Immunol 1991; 134:77-84.

Koenig JI. Presence of cytokines in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Prog Neuroendocrinimmunol 1991; 4: 143-153.

Maddox J. Psychoimmunology before it’s time. Nature 1984; 309:400.

Lombard G. Neuroendocrine axis and behavioral stress. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997; 216-222.

Anabolic Agents

Growth Hormone

Bryne T, Morrissey T, et al: Anabolic therapy with growth hormone accelerates gain in lean tissue in surgical patients requiring nutritional rehabilitation. Ann Surg 1993; 218: 400.

Gatzen C, Schettinger M, et al: Growth hormone attenuates the abnormal distribution of body water in critically ill surgical patients. Surgery 1992; 112: 181.

Knox J, Demling R, Wilmore D, et al: Increased survival after major thermal injury: The effect of growth hormone therapy in adults. J Trauma 1995; 39:526.

Sherman S, Demling R, et al: Growth hormone enhances reepithelialization of human split-thickness skin graft donor sites. Surg Forum 1989; 40:37.

Ziegler T, Wilmore D: Strategies for attenuating protein-catabolic responses in the critically ill. Am Rev Med 1994; 45:459.

Ziegler T, Young L: Metabolic effects of recombinant human growth hormone in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. Am Surg 1988; 208: 6.

Anabolic Steroids: General

Hampt N, Raver G. Anabolic steroids: a review of the literature. Am J Sports Med 1984; 12:469-484.

Kopera N. The history of anabolic steroids and a review of clinical experience with anabolic steroids. Act Endocrinol 1985; 110:11-18.

Carson-Jurica M, Schrador W. Steroid receptor family; structure and functions. Endocrin Rev. 1990; 11:201-220.

Forbes G: The effect of anabolic steroids on lean body mass: the dose response curve. Metabolism 1985; 34:571-573.

Fox M, Minot A. Oxandrolone, a potent anabolic steroid. J Clin Endocrinol 1962; 22:921.

Lowdell C, Meurray-Tyon I. Reveral of liver damage due to long term methyl testosterone and safety of 17a alkylated androgens. BMJ 1985; 291:667-673.

Testosterone

Plymato S, Vaughn G, Pruitt B. Central hypogonadism in burned man. Hormone Res 1987; 27:152-158.

Bhasin S, et al. The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal man. New Eng J Med 1996; 335:1-10.

 Insulin

Shiozaki T, Tasalic O. et al. Paradoxical positive nitrogen balance in burn patients receiving high dose administration of insulin for nutritional care. Surgery 1997; 122:527-533.

Woolfoon D, Heatley R. Insulin to inhibit protein catabolism after injury. N Eng J Med 1979; 300;7-14.

Henton P, Allison S, et al: Insulin and glucose to reduce catabolic response to injury in burned patients. Lancet 1971; 1:767-769.

Dehydro epiandrosterone

Ebeling P, Kaivasto V. Physiological importance of dehydro eprandosterone. Lancet 1994; 343:1479-81.

Marales A, Nolan J, Nelson J. Effects of replacement dose of dehydro epandosterone in men and woman of advancing age. J Clin Endocrin Metab 1994; 78:1360-7.

Welle S, Jozefowicz R, Staff M. Failure of dehydro epiandrosterone to influence energy and protein metabolism in humans. J Clin Endocrin Metab 1990; 71; 1759-64.

Creatine

Harris R, Soderlund K, Haltman E. Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clin Science 1992; 83:367-374.

Wyss M, Wallimann T. Creatine metabolism and the consequences of creatine depletion in muscle. Molec and Cell Biochem 1994; 133:51-66.

Jacobs D. Sepsis alters skeletal muscle energestrics and membrane function. Surgery 1991; 110: 318-325.

Alpha Ketoglutarate

Cynober L. Ornithine alpha ketoglutarate in nutritional support. Nutrition 1991; 7:313-322.

Resistance Exercise (Anabolic Response)

Hickson J, Khinkelman K. Exercise and protein intake effects on urinary 3 methyl histidine excretion. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 41:249-256.

Frontera W, Meredith C, Evans W. Strength training and determinants of VO2 max in older men. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68:329-333.

Dohm G, Topscott E. Kasperek G. Protein degradation during endurance exercise and recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987; 19:166-171.

Treuth M, Ryan A, Pralley R. Effect of strength training on total and regional body composition in older man. J Appl Physiol 1994; 2:614-620.

Gontzea I. The influence of muscular activity on nitrogen balance and on the need of man for proteins. Nutr Rep Int 1974; 10:35-40.

Kraemer W. Endorine response to resistance. Med Sci Sports Exer 1988; 20:155-157.

Lemon P. Protein and exercise update. Med Sci Sports Exer 1987; 19:179-190.

Millward D. The need for indispensable amino acids: the concept of anabolic drive. Diabetes Metab Rev 1989; 5:191-211.

Fratarone M, O’Neill E. Exercise training and nutritional supplements for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Eng J Med 1994; 330:1769-1775.
Oxandrolone

Karim A, Ranney E, Zagarella BA, et al: Oxandrolone disposition and metabolism in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1973; 14: 862-866.

Fox M, Minor A, et al: Oxandrolone: A potent anabolic steroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1962; 22;921-923.

Mendenhall CL., Anderson S, Garcia-Pont P, et al: A study of oral nutritional support with oxandrolone in malnourished patients with alcoholic hepatitis: Results of a Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. Hepatology 1993; 17; 564-570.

Sheffield M, Wolfe R, et al: The effect of short term oxandrolone treatment on peripheral amino acid metabolism. J Burn Care Rehab 1999; 2:127.

Tennenbaum R, Shkear G. Effect of anabolic steroid on wound healing. Oral Surg 1970; 30:834-835.

Demling R, DeSanti L. Closure of the "non-healing wound" corresponds with correction of weight loss using the anabolic agent oxandrolone. Ostomy/Wound Manage 1998; 99:58-65.

Demling R, Orgill D. The anticatabolic and wound healing effects of the testosterone analog oxandrolone and severe burn injury. J Crit Care 2000; 15:12-18.

Demling R. Comparison of the anabolic effects and complications of human growth hormone and the testosterone analog, oxandrolone after severe burn injury. Burns 1999; 24:215-221.

Demling R, DeSanti L. Oxandrolone, an anabolic steroid significantly increases the rate of weight gain in the recovery phase after burn injury. J Trauma 1997; 43:47-50.

 
 

 


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